calculus-of-constructions

Calculus of Constructions

A lightweight implementation of the Calculus of Constructions in JavaScript. CoC is both a minimalistic programming language (similar to the Lambda Calculus, but with a very powerful type system) and a constructive foundation for mathematics, serving as the basis of proof assistants such as Coq.

Features

Core lang with Lambda, Forall, Application, Variables and, as you love paradoxes, Fix and Type in Type.
Let bindings as syntax sugars.
Extremelly minimalistic, unbloated, pure ASCII syntax.
Completely implemented with HOAS, substitution free, including the type checker, which means it is very fast.
A robust parser, which allows arbitrary grammar nestings, including of Lets.
A smart stringifier which names vars so that combinators are stringified uniquely, regardless of the context.
Node.js, cross-browser, 100% ES5 compliant.
Simple command line interface to type-check / evaluate a file.
Can deal with files, solve devs recursively, auto-imports missing names.
Can pretty-print terms showing names for known combinators.
All that in less than 400 lines of code, ang a gziped minified size of just 2.3kb.

Usage

Install:

$ npm install -g calculus-of-constructions

From command line:

The command line can be used to print the base form, the normal form, and the type of a term. It auto-includes undefined variables by detecting them on the same directory. It can either print the full form, or a short form with known names.

$ coc two                         # (a:* (b:(.a a) (a:a (b (b a))))) 
$ coc type "(exp two two)"        # Nat 
$ coc norm "(exp two two)"        # four 
$ coc full "(exp two two)"        # ((c:(a.* (.(.a a) (.a a))) (b:(a.* (.(.a a) (.a a))) (a:* (b (.a a) (c a))))) (a:* (b:(.a a) (a:a (b (b a))))) (a:* (b:(.a a) (a:a (b (b a)))))) 
$ coc full type "(exp two two)"   # (a.* (.(.a a) (.a a))) 
$ coc full norm "(exp two two)"   # (a:* (b:(.a a) (a:a (b (b (b (b a)))))))

Check out the examples for that usage.

From JavaScript:

const coc = require("calculus-of-constructions");
 
const main = `T:* x:T x`; // id function
 
const term = CoC.read(main); // parses source, could be an object {name: source, ...}
const type = CoC.type(term); // infers type
const norm = CoC.norm(term); // normalizes
 
console.log(CoC.show(term)); // prints original term
console.log(CoC.show(type)); // prints inferred type
console.log(CoC.show(norm)); // prints normal form
 
// CoC.show can receive, optionally, a function that
// receives a combinator and returns a name of it.

Syntax

Lambda: name:Type Body

A function that receives name of type Type and returns Body.
Forall: name.ArgType BodyType

The type of functions that receive name of type ArgType and return BodyType.
Fix: self@ Term

The term Term with all instances of self replaced by itself.
Apply: (f x y z)

The application of the function f to x, y and z.
Let: name=Term Body

Let name be the term Term inside the term Body.

The name can be omitted from Lambda and Forall, so, for example, the equivalent of Int -> Int is just .Int Int. All other special characters are ignored, so you could write λ a: Type -> Body if that is more pleasing to you.

Example:

Below, an example implementation of exponentiation:

Nat=
  Nat. *
  Succ. (.Nat Nat)
  Zero. Nat
  Nat
 
two=
  Nat: *
  Succ: (.Nat Nat)
  Zero: Nat
  (Succ (Succ Zero))
 
exp=
  a: Nat
  b: Nat
  Nat: *
  (b (.Nat Nat) (a Nat))
 
(exp two two)

You can save it as exp.coc and run with coc eval exp.coc.

To aid you grasp the minimalist syntax, it is equivalent to this Idris program:

NatT : Type
NatT
  =  (Nat : Type)
  -> (Succ : Nat -> Nat)
  -> (Zero : Nat)
  -> Nat
 
two : NatT
two
  =  \ Nat : Type
  => \ Succ : (Nat -> Nat)
  => \ Zero : Nat
  => Succ (Succ Zero)
 
exp : NatT -> NatT -> NatT
exp
  =  \ a : NatT
  => \ b : NatT
  => \ Nat : Type
  => b (Nat -> Nat) (a Nat)
 
printNatT : NatT -> IO ()
printNatT n = print (n Nat (+ 1) 0)
 
main : IO ()
main = do
  printNatT (exp two two)

calculus-of-constructions